Beijing

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{{Infobox Settlement|official_name = Běijīng|other_name =|native_name = 北京 |nickname =|settlement_type = Municipality of China|motto =|image_skyline = SA Temple of Heaven.jpg|imagesize =|image_caption = The Temple of Heaven, a symbol of Beijing]|subdivision_type1 = Political divisions of China#County level|subdivision_name1 = 18|subdivision_type2 = Political divisions of China#Township level|subdivision_name2 = 273|subdivision_type3 =|subdivision_name3 =|subdivision_type4 =|subdivision_name4 =|government_footnotes =|government_type =|leader_title =Communist Party of China Beijing|leader_name =Liu Qi (Communist) Committee Secretary|leader_title1 = Mayor|leader_title2 =|leader_name2 =|leader_title3 =|leader_name3 =|leader_title4 =|leader_name4 =|established_title = Settled|established_date = ca. 473 BC|established_title2 = |established_date2 =|established_title3 = |established_date3 =|area_magnitude =|unit_pref = |area_footnotes = ([List of China administrative regions by area)|area_total_km2 = 16808|area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 =|area_total_sq_mi =|area_land_sq_mi =|area_water_sq_mi =|area_water_percent =|area_urban_km2 =|area_urban_sq_mi =|area_metro_km2 =|area_metro_sq_mi =|population_as_of = 2007|population_footnotes =|population_note =|population_total = 17,200,000 (List of China administrative regions by population)|population_density_km2 = 888|population_density_sq_mi =|population_metro =|population_density_metro_km2 =|population_density_metro_sq_mi =|population_urban = 8,495,000|population_density_urban_km2 =|population_density_urban_sq_mi =|population_blank1_title =Mun. Density rank|population_blank1 =(List of China administrative regions by population density)|population_density_blank1_km2 =|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =|population_blank2_title =Major Nationalities of China|population_blank2= Han Chinese - 96%
Manchu - 2%
Hui people - 2%
Mongolian - 0.3%]|utc_offset = +8|timezone_DST =|utc_offset_DST =|latd=39 |latm=54 |lats=20 |latNS=N|longd=116 |longm=23 |longs=29 |longEW=E|elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 43.5|elevation_ft =|postal_code_type = Postal code|postal_code =100000 - 102600|area_code =+86/10|blank_name =License Plate (China)|blank_info =京A, C, E, F, H, J, K
京B (taxis)
京G (outside urban area)
京O (police and authorities)
京V (military headquarters
& central government)|blank1_name =ISO 3166-2 (2005)|blank2_info =[Renminbi 681.4 billion (List of China administrative regions by gross domestic product)|blank3_name = - per capita|blank3_info =Renminbi 49,273 (List of China administrative regions by GDP per capita)|blank4_name =Human Development Index (2005)|blank4_info = 0.882 (List of China administrative divisions by HDI) — high|website = www.beijing.gov.cn
www.ebeijing.gov.cn (English language)|footnotes = City trees
Chinese arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis)
Styphnolobium (Sophora japonica)City flowers Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
rose (Rosa chinensis)--> Beijing (Chinese language: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng; Wade-Giles: Peiching or Pei-ching; ; literally "Northern capital"; ), a metropolis in northern China, is the capital of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It was formerly known in English as Peking (). Beijing is also one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province (China)s in China's Political divisions of China. Beijing Municipality borders Hebei to the north, west, south, and for a small section in the east, and Tianjin to the southeast.Beijing is China's third largest city in terms of population, after Chongqing and Shanghai. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. It is also the focal point of many international flights to China. Beijing is recognized as the politics, educational, and Chinese culture center of the People's Republic of China, while Shanghai and Hong Kong predominate in economic fields.

Beijing is one of the Historical capitals of China, having hosted the seat of government from Yuan Dynasty in 1264 to the present, with the exception of a period of time during early Ming (1368-1420) and during the period from 1928-1949.

Beijing will host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Names Beijing or Peking () literally means "Northern capital", in line with the common East Asian tradition whereby capital cities are explicitly named as such. Other cities similarly named include Nanjing (), China, meaning "southern capital"; Tokyo (), Japan, and Đông Kinh (東京, known to Europeans as Tonkin) meaning "eastern capital"; as well as Xi'an (), which is considered the "western capital". Kyoto (), Japan, and Gyeongseong (; now Seoul), Korea, both meaning simply "capital".Peking is the name of the city according to Chinese Postal Map Romanization, and the traditional customary name for Beijing in English. The term originated with French missionaries four hundred years ago and corresponds to an older pronunciation predating a subsequent sound change in Mandarin (linguistics) from to . ( is represented in pinyin as j, as in Beijing), and is still used in some languages (as in Dutch language, German language, Hungarian language, Polish language and Spanish language).

In China, the city has Geographical renaming. During the Jin Dynasty, the city was known as Zhongdu () , and then later under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty as Dadu () in Chinese, and Khanbaliq in Mongolian language (recorded as Cambuluc by Marco Polo). After the reconquest of the city by the Ming it was known as Shuntian (), and later as Beiping ( Pinyin: Beiping; Wade-Giles: Pei-p'ing), literally "Northern Peace", a name it received again from 1928 and 1949. On both occasions, the name changed — with the removal of the element meaning "capital" (jing or king, 京) — to reflect the fact the national capital had changed to Nanjing, the first time under the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and the second time with the Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China, so that Peking was no longer the capital of China.

The Communist Party of China reverted the name to Beijing (Peking) in 1949 again in part to emphasize that Beijing had returned to its role as China's capital. The government of the Republic of China on Taiwan has never formally recognized the name change, and during the 1950s and 1960s it was common in Taiwan for Beijing to be called Beiping to imply the illegitimacy of the PRC. Today, almost all of Taiwan, including the ROC government, uses Beijing, although some maps of China from Taiwan still use the old name along with pre-1949 political boundaries.

Yanjing (; Pinyin: Yānjīng; Wade-Giles: Yen-ching) is and has been another popular informal name for Beijing, a reference to the ancient State of Yan that existed here during the Zhou Dynasty. This name is reflected in the locally-brewed Yanjing Beer as well as Peking University, an institution of higher learning that was merged into Peking University.

(The history section below outlines other historical names of Beijing.)

History , 2006There were cities in the vicinities of Beijing by the 1st millennium BC, and the capital of the State of Yan, one of the powers of the Warring States Period (473-221 BC), Ji (薊/蓟), was established in present-day Beijing.

After the fall of the Yan (state), the subsequent Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty, and Jìn Dynasty (265-420) dynasties set-up local prefectures in the area. In Tang Dynasty it became the headquarter for Fanyang jiedushi, the virtual military governor of current northern Hebei area. An Lushan launched An Shi Rebellion from here in 755. This rebellion is often regarded as a turning point of Tang dynasty, as the central government began to lose the control of the whole country.

In 936, the Later Jin Dynasty (Five Dynasties) (936-947) of northern China ceded a large part of its northern frontier, including modern Beijing, to the Khitan people Liao Dynasty. In 938, the Liao Dynasty set up a secondary capital in what is now Beijing, and called it Nanjing (the "Southern Capital"). In 1125, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) annexed Liao, and in 1153 moved its capital to Liao's Nanjing, calling it Zhongdu (中都), "the central capital." Zhongdu was situated in what is now the area centered around Tianningsi, slightly to the southwest of central Beijing.

Mongol Empire forces burned Zhongdu to the ground in 1215 and rebuilt it to the north of the Jin capital in 1267. In preparation for the conquest of all of China, Yuan Dynasty founder Kublai Khan made this his capital as Khanbaliq (大都, Chinese written language for "grand capital"), or Khanbaliq to the Mongols. This site is known as Cambuluc in Marco Polo's accounts. Apparently, Kublai Khan, who wanted to become a Chinese emperor, established his capital at this location instead of more traditional sites in central China because it was closer to his power base in Mongolia. The decision of the Khan greatly enhanced the status of a city that had been situated on the northern fringe of China proper. Dadu was situated north of modern central Beijing. It centered on what is now the northern stretch of the 2nd Ring Road, and stretched northwards to between the 3rd Ring Road and 4th Ring Roads. There are remnants of Mongol-era wall still standing.

After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the city was later rebuilt by the Ming Dynasty and Shuntian (順天) prefecture was established in the area around the city. In 1403, the third Ming Emperor of China Yongle Emperor moved the Ming capital from Nanjing (Nanking) to the renamed Beijing (Peking) (北京), the "northern capital", situated in the north. The capital was also known as Jingshi 京師, simply meaning capital. During the Ming Dynasty, Beijing took its current shape, and the Ming-era city wall served as the Beijing city wall until modern times, when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place.

, home to the Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Dynasties. , home to the Emperor of China of the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty Dynasties. It is believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world from 1425 to 1650 and from 1710 to 1825 .

The Forbidden City was constructed soon after that (1406-1420), followed by the Temple of Heaven (1420), and numerous other construction projects. Tiananmen, which has become a state symbol of the People's Republic of China and is featured on its emblem, was burned down twice during the Ming Dynasty and the final reconstruction was carried out in 1651.

After the Manchus overthrew the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty in its place, Beijing remained China's capital throughout the Qing period. Just like during the preceding dynasty, Beijing was also known as Jingshi, which corresponded to the Manchu Gemun Hecen with the same meaning. It was the scene of the siege of the foreign legations during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.

The Xinhai Revolution of 1911, aimed at replacing Qing rule with a republic, originally intended to establish its capital at Nanjing. After high-ranking Qing official Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the Qing emperor in Beijing and ensured the success of the revolution, the revolutionaries in Nanjing accepted that Yuan should be the president of the new Republic of China, and that the capital should remain at Beijing.

Yuan gradually consolidated power, culminating in his declaration of a Chinese Empire in late 1915 with himself as emperor. The move was highly unpopular, and Yuan himself died less than a year later, ending his brief reign. China then fell under the control of regional warlords, and the most powerful factions fought frequent wars (the Zhili-Anhui War, the First Zhili-Fengtian War, and the Second Zhili-Fengtian War) to take control of the capital at Beijing.Following the success of the Kuomintang's Northern Expedition which pacified the warlords of the north, Nanjing was officially made the capital of the Republic of China in 1928, and Beijing was renamed Beiping (Peip'ing) (北平), "northern peace" or "north pacified", to emphasize that the warlord government in Beijing was not legitimate.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937. During the occupation, the city was reverted to its former name, Beijing, and made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state that ruled the Han Chinese portions of Japanese-occupied North China. It was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei Government based in Nanjing. The Imperial Japanese Army established in the city the bacteriological research unit 1855, a section of unit 731 where Japanese doctors experimented on humans.

With Japan's surrender in World War II, on 15 August 1945, Beijing's name was changed back to Beiping.

On January 31, 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, Communist forces entered Beijing without a fight. On October 1 of the same year, the Communist Party of China, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, announced in Tiananmen the creation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. Just a few days earlier, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference had decided that Beiping would be the capital of the new government, and that its name would be changed back to Beijing.

At the time of the founding of the People's Republic, Beijing Municipality consisted of just its urban area and immediate suburbs. The urban area was divided into many small districts inside what is now the 2nd Ring Road (Beijing). Since then several surrounding county of China have been incorporated into the Municipality, enlarging the limits of Beijing Municipality by many times and giving it its present shape. The Beijing city wall was torn down between 1965 and 1969 to make - way for the construction of the 2nd Ring Road (Beijing).

Following the Chinese economic reform of Deng Xiaoping, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly. Formerly within the confines of the 2nd Ring Road and the 3rd Ring Road, the urban area of Beijing is now pushing at the limits of the recently-constructed 5th Ring Road and 6th Ring Road (under construction), with many areas that were formerly farmland now developed residential or commercial neighborhoods. A new commercial area has developed in the Guomao area, Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts, while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China.

In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavy traffic, poor air quality, the loss of historic neighborhoods, and significant influx of migrants from poorer regions of the country, especially rural areas.

Early 2005 saw the approval by government of a plan to finally stop the sprawling development of Beijing in all directions. Development of the Chinese capital would now proceed in two semicircular bands just outside of the city centre (both west and east) instead of being in concentric rings.

Geography and climate 's Landsat 7.Beijing is situated at the northern tip, of the roughly triangular North China Plain which opens to the south and east of the city. Mountains to the north, northwest and west shield the city and northern China's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes. The northwestern part of the municipality, especially Yanqing County and Huairou District, are dominated by the Jundu Mountains, while the western part of the municipality is framed by the Xishan Mountains. The Great Wall of China, which stretches across the northern part of Beijing Municipality, made use of this rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes. Mount Dongling in the Xishan ranges and on the border with Hebei is the municipality's highest point, with an altitude of 2303 metre. Major rivers flowing through the municipality include the Yongding River and the Chaobai River, part of the Hai River system, and flowing in a southerly direction. Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal of China which was built across the North China Plain to Hangzhou. Miyun Reservoir, built on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River, is Beijing's largest reservoir, and crucial to its water supply.

The urban area of Beijing, located at (39.9056, 116.3914), is situated in the south-central part of the municipality and occupies a small but expanding part of the municipality's area. It spreads out in bands of concentric Ring Roads of Beijing, of which the fifth and outermost (the Sixth Ring Road; the numbering starts at 2) passes through several satellite towns. Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace) and Tian'anmen Square are at the centre of Beijing, and are directly to the south of the Forbidden City, former residence of the emperors of China. To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai, residence of the paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China. Running through central Beijing from east to west is Chang'an Avenue, one of Beijing's main thoroughfares.

The city's climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dwa), characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and harshly cold, windy, dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Average temperatures in January are at around -7 to -4 °Celsius (19 to 24 °Fahrenheit), while average temperatures in July are at 25 to 26 °Celsius (77 to 79 °Fahrenheit). Annual precipitation (meteorology) is over 600 millimeter, with 75% of that in summer.

Beijing also suffers from heavy pollution and poor air quality from industry and traffic. Dust from erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China result in seasonal dust storms that plague the city. In the first four months of 2006 alone, there were no fewer than eight such storms. Efforts have been made of late to clean up Beijing in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

{{Infobox Weather|single_line= Yes|location = Beijing, China|Jan_Hi_°F = 34 |Jan_Hi_°C = 1|Feb_Hi_°F = 38 |Feb_Hi_°C = 3|Mar_Hi_°F = 52 |Mar_Hi_°C = 11|Apr_Hi_°F = 67 |Apr_Hi_°C = 19|May_Hi_°F = 78 |May_Hi_°C = 25|Jun_Hi_°F = 85 |Jun_Hi_°C = 29|Jul_Hi_°F = 86 |Jul_Hi_°C = 30|Aug_Hi_°F = 85 |Aug_Hi_°C = 29|Sep_Hi_°F = 78 |Sep_Hi_°C = 25|Oct_Hi_°F = 66 |Oct_Hi_°C = 18|Nov_Hi_°F = 49 |Nov_Hi_°C = 9|Dec_Hi_°F = 37 |Dec_Hi_°C = 2|Year_Hi_°F = 63 |Year_Hi_°C = 17|Jan_Lo_°F = 17 |Jan_Lo_°C = -8|Feb_Lo_°F = 22 |Feb_Lo_°C = -5|Mar_Lo_°F = 33 |Mar_Lo_°C = 0|Apr_Lo_°F = 47 |Apr_Lo_°C = 8|May_Lo_°F = 57 |May_Lo_°C = 13|Jun_Lo_°F = 66 |Jun_Lo_°C = 18|Jul_Lo_°F = 72 |Jul_Lo_°C = 22|Aug_Lo_°F = 69 |Aug_Lo_°C = 20|Sep_Lo_°F = 59 |Sep_Lo_°C = 15|Oct_Lo_°F = 47 |Oct_Lo_°C = 8|Nov_Lo_°F = 32 |Nov_Lo_°C = 0|Dec_Lo_°F = 22 |Dec_Lo_°C = -5|Year_Lo_°F = 45 |Year_Lo_°C = 7|Jan_Precip_inch = 0.2 |Jan_Precip_cm = 0 |Jan_Precip_mm =|Feb_Precip_inch = 0.2 |Feb_Precip_cm = 0 |Feb_Precip_mm =|Mar_Precip_inch = 0.3 |Mar_Precip_cm = 0 |Mar_Precip_mm =|Apr_Precip_inch = 0.7 |Apr_Precip_cm = 1 |Apr_Precip_mm =|May_Precip_inch = 1.3 |May_Precip_cm = 3 |May_Precip_mm =|Jun_Precip_inch = 3.1 |Jun_Precip_cm = 7 |Jun_Precip_mm =|Jul_Precip_inch = 8.8 |Jul_Precip_cm = 22 |Jul_Precip_mm =|Aug_Precip_inch = 6.7 |Aug_Precip_cm = 17 |Aug_Precip_mm =|Sep_Precip_inch = 2.3 |Sep_Precip_cm = 5 |Sep_Precip_mm =|Oct_Precip_inch = 0.7 |Oct_Precip_cm = 1 |Oct_Precip_mm =|Nov_Precip_inch = 0.4 |Nov_Precip_cm = 1 |Nov_Precip_mm =|Dec_Precip_inch = 0.1 |Dec_Precip_cm = 0 |Dec_Precip_mm =|Year_Precip_inch = 25.1 |Year_Precip_cm = 108 |Year_Precip_mm =|source =Weatherbase{{cite web| url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=11545&refer= |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Beijing, China | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2007 | accessdate=2007-02-04 | language = English -->|accessdate = Feb 2007-->

City layout Neighborhoods Road (July 2004 image).

Major neighbourhoods in urban Beijing include the following. Neighborhoods may overlap across multiple districts (see below):

Andingmen
Beiyuan
Chaoyangmen
Dongzhimen
Fangzhuang
Fuchengmen
Fuxingmen
Guomao
Hepingli
Wangjing
Wangfujing
Wudaokou
Xidan
Xizhimen
Yayuncun
Zhongguancun

Several place names in Beijing end with mén (), meaning "gate", as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall. Other place names end in cūn (), meaning "village", as they were originally villages outside the city wall.

Towns Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include:

Changping
Huairou
Miyun
Liangxiang
Liulimiao
Tongzhou
Yizhuang
Xiaotangshan

Subdivisions Beijing Municipality comprises 18 administrative sub-divisions, Political divisions of China#County level governed directly by the municipality (second-level divisions). Of these, 16 are district of China and 2 are county of China.

The urban and suburban areas of the city are divided into eight (8) districts:{|class="wikitable"!District!Population (2000 census)!Area (km²)!Density (per km²)|-|Dongcheng District, Beijing (: Dōngchéng Qū) || 536,000 || 24.7 || 21,700|-|Xicheng District (: Xīchéng Qū) ] (: Chóngwén Qū) || 346,000 || 15.9 || 21,761|-|Xuanwu District, Beijing (: Xuānwǔ Qū) || 526,000 || 16.5 || 31,879|-|Chaoyang District, Beijing (: Cháoyáng Qū) || 2,290,000 || 470.8 || 4,864|-|Haidian District (: Hǎidiàn Qū) ] (: Fēngtái Qū) || 1,369,000 || 304.2 || 4,500|-|Shijingshan District (: Shíjǐngshān Qū) ]:{|class="wikitable"!District!Population (2000 census)!Area (km²)!Density (per km²)|-|Mentougou District (: Méntóugōu Qū) ] (: Fángshān Qū)Fangshan County until 1986 || 814,000 || 1,866.7 || 436|-|Tongzhou District (: Tōngzhōu Qū)Tong County until 1997 ] (: Shùnyì Qū)Shunyi County until 1998 || 637,000 || 980.0 || 650|-|Changping District (: Chāngpíng Qū)Changping County until 1999 ] (: Dàxīng Qū)Daxing County until 2001 || 672,000 || 1,012.0 || 664|-|Outer suburbs || 3.68 million || 7,490 || 491|}

The other two districts and the two counties located further out govern semirural and rural areas:{|class="wikitable"!District!Population (2000 census)!Area (km²)!Density (per km²)|-|Pinggu District (: Pínggǔ Qū)Pinggu County until 2001 ] (: Huáiróu Qū)Huairou County until 2001 || 296,000 || 2,557.3 || 116|-|Miyun County (: Mìyún Xiàn) ] (: Yánqìng Xiàn) || 275,000 || 1,980.0 || 139|-|Peripheral areas || 1.39 million || 7,947.9 || 175|}

Source: Geohive

Beijing's 18 districts and counties are further subdivided into 273 lower (third)-level administrative units at the Political divisions of China#Township level: 119 town of China, 24 township of China, 5 ethnic townships and 125 Subdistricts of Chinas. HUasd

Economy area around Dawangqiao and Dabeiyao, as seen from the Jingtong Expressway. area around Beijing CBD

In 2005, Beijing's nominal GDP was 681.45 billion Renminbi (about 84 billion USD), a year-on-year growth of 11.1% from the previous year. Its GDP per capita was 44,969 RMB, an increase of 8.1% from the previous year and nearly twice as much as in 2000. Beijing's primary, secondary, and tertiary industries were worth 9.77 billion RMB, 210.05 billion RMB, and 461.63 billion RMB. Urban disposable income per capita was 17,653 yuan, a real price increase of 12.9% from the previous year. Per capita pure income of rural residents was 7,860 RMB, a real increase of 9.6%. Per capita disposable income of the 20% low-income residents increased 16.7%, 11.4 percentage points higher than the growth rate of the 20% high-income residents. The Engel's coefficient of Beijing's urban residents reached 31.8% in 2005 and that of the rural residents was 32.8%, declining 4.5 percentage points and 3.9 percentage points, respectively, compared with 2000.

Beijing's real estate and automobile sectors have continued to bloom in recent years. In 2005, a total of 28.032 million square metres of housing real estate was sold, for a total of 175.88 billion Renminbi. The total number of automobiles registered in Beijing in 2004 was 2,146,000, of which 1,540,000 were privately-owned (a year-on-year increase of 18.7%).

The Beijing CBD, centered at the Guomao area, has been identified as the city's new central business district, and is home to a variety of corporate regional headquarters, shopping malls, and high-end housing. The Beijing Financial Street, in the Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen area, is a traditional financial center. The Wangfujing and Xidan areas are major shopping districts. Zhongguancun, dubbed "China's Silicon Valley", continues to be a major center in electronics- and computer-related industries, as well as pharmaceuticals-related research. Meanwhile, Yizhuang, located to the southeast of the urban area, is becoming a new center in pharmaceuticals, IT, and materials engineering. Urban Beijing is also known for being a center of pirated goods and anything from the latest designer clothing to the latest DVDs can be found in markets all over the city, often marketed to expatriates and international visitors.Major industrial areas include Shijingshan, located on the western outskirts of the city. Agriculture is carried out outside the urban area of Beijing, with wheat and maize (corn) being the main crops. Vegetables are also grown in the regions closer to the urban area in order to supply the city.

Beijing is increasingly becoming known for its innovative entrepreneurs and high-growth start-ups. This culture is backed by a large community of both Chinese and foreign venture capital firms, such as Sequoia Capital, whose head office in China resides in Chaoyang, Beijing. Though Shanghai is seen as the economic center of China, this is typically based on the numerous large corporations based there, rather than as a center for Chinese entrepreneurs. It is also a world leader in the production and distribution of melamine and melamine-related compounds, (ammeline, ammelide and cyanuric acid).

The development of Beijing continues to proceed at a rapid pace, and the vast expansion of Beijing has created a multitude of problems for the city. Beijing is known for its smog as well as the frequent "power-saving" programs instituted by the government. Citizens of Beijing as well as tourists frequently complain about the quality of the water supply and the cost of the basic services such as electricity and natural gas. The major industrial areas outside of Beijing were ordered to clean their operations or leave the Beijing area in an effort to alleviate the smog that covers the city. Most factories, unable to update, have moved and relocated to other cities such as Xi'an, China.

Architecture Three styles of architecture predominate in urban Beijing. First, the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), which remains the PRC's trademark edifice, the Forbidden City, and the Temple of Heaven. Next there is what is sometimes referred to as the "Sino-Sov" style, built between the 1950s and the 1970s, which tend to be boxy, bland, and poorly made. Finally, there are much more modern architectural forms — most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD. Pictured below are some images of Beijing architecture — blending the old and the new.

Image:Ancient Beijing Skyline.jpg], which mixes 1950s-design with a blend of the new. The influence of American urban form and social values in manifest in the creation of Orange County, China, a suburban development about one hour north of the city.

Demographics neighbourhood, in Chaoyang District, BeijingThe population of Beijing Municipality, defined as the total number of people who reside in Beijing for 6 months or more per year, was 15.38 million in 2005. 11.870 million people in Beijing Municipality had Beijing hukou (permanent residence) and the remainder were on temporary residence permits. In addition, there is a large but unknown number of migrant workers ( min gong) who live illegally in Beijing without any official residence permit (also termed hei ren which means "black people" (as in "black market") or unregistered people). The population of Beijing's urban core (city proper) is around 7.5 million.

Over 95% of Beijing's residents belong to the Han Chinese majority. Other major ethnic minorities include the Manchu, Hui people, and Mongol, etc. A Tibetan high school exists for youth of Tibetan ancestry, nearly all of whom have come to Beijing from Tibet expressly for their studies.

A sizable international community exists in Beijing, mostly attracted by the highly growing foreign business and trade sector, and many live in the Beijing urban area's densely populated northern, northeastern and eastern sections. In recent years there has also been an influx of South Koreans who live in Beijing predominantly for business and study purpose. Many of them live in the Wangjing and Wudaokou areas.

{] !! Population !! Percentage|-| Han Chinese ] || 250,286 || 1.84%|-| Hui people || 235,837 || 1.74%|-| Mongol ] || 20,369 || 0.15%|-| Tujia ] || 7322 || 0.054%|-| Hmong people || 5291 || 0.039%|-| Uyghur people || 3129 || 0.023%|-| Tibetan people || 2920 || 0.022%|}Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.Source: Department of Population, Social, Science and Technology Statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics of China () and Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (), eds. Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China (). 2 vols. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House (), 2003. (ISBN 7-105-05425-5)

Culture People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect, which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of Chinese spoken language. Beijing dialect is the basis for Standard Mandarin, the language used in the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China on Taiwan, and Singapore. Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing Municipality.

Beijing Opera, or Peking Opera (Jingju), is well-known throughout the national capital. Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture, Beijing Opera is performed through a combination of song, spoken dialogue, and codified action sequences, such as gestures, movement, fighting and acrobatics. Much of Beijing Opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from modern Standard Mandarin and from the Beijing dialect; this makes the dialogue somewhat hard to understand, and the problem is compounded if one is not familiar with Chinese. As a result, modern theaters often have electronic titles in Chinese and English.

. In this March 2003 photo the left side was still standing, but it has since given way to new construction.

The Siheyuan () is a traditional architectural style of Beijing. A siheyuan consists of a square housing compound, with rooms enclosing a central courtyard. This courtyard often contains a pomegranate or other type of tree, as well as potted flowers or a fish tank. Siheyuans line Hutongs (), or alleys, which connect the interior of Beijing's old city. They are usually straight and run east-to-west so that doorways can face north and south for Feng Shui reasons. They vary in width — some are very narrow, enough for only a few pedestrians to pass through at a time.

Once ubiquitous in Beijing, siheyuans and hutongs are now rapidly disappearing, as entire city blocks of hutongs are leveled and replaced with high-rise buildings. Residents of the hutongs are entitled to apartments in the new buildings of at least the same size as their former residences. Many complain, however, that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs cannot be replaced. Some particularly historic or picturesque hutongs are being preserved and restored by the government, especially for the 2008 Olympics. One such example can be seen at Nanchizi.

Mandarin cuisine is the local style of cooking in Beijing. Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the most well-known dish. The Manhan Quanxi ("Manchu-Han Chinese full banquet") is a traditional banquet originally intended for the ethnic-Manchu emperors of the Qing Dynasty; it remains very prestigious and expensive.

Teahouses are also common in Beijing. Chinese tea comes in many varieties and some rather expensive types of Chinese tea are said to cure an ailing body extraordinarily well.

The Jingtailan is a cloisonné metalworking technique and tradition originating from Beijing, and one of the most revered traditional crafts in China. Beijing lacquerware is well known for the patterns and images carved into its surface.

The Fuling Jiabing is a traditional Beijing snack food, a pancake (bing) resembling a flat disk with filling, made from fu ling (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, or "tuckahoe"), an ingredient common in traditional Chinese medicine.

Transportation With the growth of the city following economic reforms, Beijing has evolved as an important transportation hub. Encircling the city are five ring roads, nine expressways and city express routes, eleven China National Highways, several railway routes, and an international airport.

Rail Beijing has two major railway stations: Beijing Railway Station (or the central station) and Beijing West Railway Station. Three other railway stations in Metropolitan Beijing handle regular passenger traffic: Beijing East Railway Station, Beijing North Railway Station, and Fengtai Railway Station. There are also several other small stations serving suburban area.

As of August 1 2006, Beijing Railway Station has 167 trains stopping daily, while Beijing West Railway Station has 176 trains.

Beijing is a railway hub. There are Rail transport in the People's Republic of China from Beijing to Guangzhou, Shanghai, Harbin, Baotou, Taiyuan, Chengde and Qinhuangdao.

International trains, including lines to cities in Russia and Pyongyang, North Korea (DPRK), all run through Beijing. Direct trains to Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region also depart from Beijing.

Construction on a Beijing-Tianjin high-speed rail began on July 4 2005, and is scheduled to be completed in 2007.

Roads and expressways See: Ring Roads of Beijing, Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing for more related information. near the intersection with the Northern 6th Ring Road (November 2002 image)Beijing is connected via road links from all parts of China. Nine expressways of China (with six wholly new expressways under projection or construction) connect with Beijing, as do eleven China National Highways. Within Beijing itself, an elaborate network of five ring roads has developed, but they appear more rectangular than ring-shaped. Roads in Beijing often are in one of the four compass directions (unlike, for example, Tianjin).

One of the biggest concerns with traffic in Beijing deals with its apparently ubiquitous traffic jams. Traffic in the city centre is often gridlocked, especially around rush hour. Even outside of rush hour, several roads still remain clogged up with traffic. Urban area ring roads and major through routes, especially near the Chang'an Avenue area, are often clogged up during rush hour.

Recently expressways have been extended (in some cases reconstructed as express routes) into the territories within the 3rd Ring Road (Beijing). As they are either expressways or express routes, drivers do not need to pass through intersections with traffic lights. This may finally solve the difficulties in "hopping between one ring and another".

Another problem is that public transportation is underdeveloped (the subway system is presently minimal) and that even buses are jam-packed with people around rush hour. Beijing was poorly designed in terms of zoning and in terms of transportation system , . Compounding the problem is patchy enforcement of traffic regulations, and Road rage (phenomenon). Beijing authorities claim that traffic jams may be a thing of a past come the 2008 Olympics. The authorities have introduced several bus lanes where, during rush hour, all vehicles except for public buses must keep clear.

Chang'an Avenue runs east-west through the centre of Beijing, past Tian'anmen. It is a major through route and is often called the "First Street in China" by authorities.

Air Beijing's main airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK) near Shunyi District, which is about 20 km northeast of Beijing city centre. Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive and depart at Capital Airport. Capital Airport is the main hub for Air China. It is linked to central Beijing by the Airport Expressway (Beijing) and is a roughly 40-minute drive from the city centre during good traffic hours. In preparation for the 2008 Olympics, another expressway is being built to the Airport, as well as a lightrail system.

Other airports in the city include Beijing Liangxiang Airport, Beijing Nanyuan Airport, Beijing Xijiao Airport, Beijing Shahe Airport and Beijing Badaling Airport. However, these are primary for military use and less well-known to the public.

Public transit The evolving Beijing Subway has four lines (two above ground, two underground), with several more being built in preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics. There were 599 bus and trolleybus routes in Beijing as of 2004.

Beijing has simplified its bus fare system from Jan 1 2007 as follows:

Pay by cash -

Lines 1-199 (Mainly operated in inner city) 1 Yuan(USD$ 14 Cents,EUR 10 Cents) per single journey.

Lines 200-299 (Night services): 2 Yuan per journey.

Lines 300-899 (Mainly operated in outer city / suburb): 1 Yuan for the first 12 km and another 0.5 yuan for each additional 5 km.

Lines 900-999 (Mainly operated from city center to rural area): 1 Yuan per 10 km.

Pay by prepaid Yikatong smartcard -

Lines 1-499: 0.4 Yuan (USD$ 5 cents, EUR 4 Cents)per single journey.

Lines 500-899: 0.4 Yuan for the first 12 km and another 0.2 Yuan for each additional 5 km.

Lines 900-999: 0.8 Yuan per 10 km.

3-day, 7-day and 14-day bus passes are available for travellers.

Surcharges of air-conditioned buses have been cancelled.

Subway tickets cost 3 Yuan for the 1, 2, 13, and 8T lines; 5 RMB for tickets allowing a transfer from Line 1/2 to 13, and 4 RMB for tickets allowing a transfer from Line 1/2 to 8T. There is no discount for smartcard users.

Taxis are nearly ubiquitous, including a large number of unregistered taxis. As of June 30 2006 all fares on legal taxies start at 10 Renminbi for the first 3 km (idling time is also a factor), and are 2.00 Renminbi per extra kilometer. Most taxis are a mixed fleet of new Hyundai Elantra and Sonata, Peugeot Citroen(older models) and Volkswagen Jetta cars(mostly older models). After 15 km, the base fare is increased by 50% (but only applied to the portion of the distance over 15 km, so that the passenger is not retroactively charged extra for the first 15 km). Betwe

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